Genre: Opera
Composer: Beethoven
Title: Fidelio op. 72
history
Beethoven left nine masterpieces of symphonies, 16 string quartets, and 32 piano sonatas in his musical pieces, but he did not achieve great success in opera. This may have been due to a number of reasons, but the composer himself could not find many of his favorite scripts.
Shortly after the French Revolution (1789-1799) in France at that time, Beethoven had great sympathy for the liberal spirit of the people against the dictatorship. Beethoven said he wanted an opera that could contain messages of liberty, equality, and philanthropy symbolized by the French Revolution at the time, rather than the popular themes that many operas often enjoy.
The opera "Fidelio" has a plot of political messages strong enough to faithfully portray this Beethoven's intention. The story of the play script, which was the original work, was published in Tours in France as a member of the Jacobin Club, It is based on the fact that his wife was disguised as a man and rescued his husband when he was trapped in this prison. "Fidelio" is the name used when a wife disguised as a man in the play, which means "a man with a man in his name" - that in the English language Fidelity means faithful to his spouse Is included.
Beethoven will first attempt to compose operas in 1803 with the request of Emanuel Schikaneder, the music director of Theater an der Wien (theater in Vienna, Austria). I understand that the opera I tried in April is "Vestas Feuer", the libretto of Schikaneder, but it was slow and I stopped composing only two songs by the end of the year.
One of them is "Fidelio". It was also solicited by Peter von Braun, one of the directors of Theater an der Wien. The original was Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, the libretto of Kerubini's most successful opera "Les deux Journees". The opera "Fidelio" is based on the theater script "Leonore, ou L'amour conjugal" (Leonore or married love) and made it into a script for opera (libretto). It is said that the play was already on stage by Pierre Gaveaux from 1798.
Edition
There are three different versions of the opera "Fidelio". Four other overtures were also written for this opera. It is said that Beethoven himself called it "Child of sorrow" because it was a work that was harder than Beethoven himself.
The first version of Libretto was written in 3, unlike the "Fidelio," which was played by Joseph Ferdinand von Sonnleithner (who worked as a secretary at the Empty Court theater) in German. Based on this script, Beethoven completed his composition in the summer of 1805, but on November 20, 1805, the premiere will be held at Theater an der Wien. At that time, two weeks after the premiere, the French army led by Napoleon was forced to come to the bin, so many bin music enthusiasts had already evacuated from Vienna and the opera had to be performed only three times I will. It is said that the title of the work decided by the theater at this time was "Fidelio oder die eheliche Liebe", but Beethoven wanted to call it "Leonore" like the original, instead of Fidelio. The overture used at this time, although it was named as No. 2, was the first to be composed, and it is the Leonore Overture No. 2.
The following year, in the spring of 1806, Beethoven cuts out some songs according to the advice of his friends and makes the whole film into the second act. This is the second edition, with a two-stroke libretto written by Stephan von Breuning. Beethoven wrote a new overture for this new edition, which is the Leonore Overture Op. 72a. This work is also premiered on March 29, 1806 in Theater an der Wien. The title of the work at that time was "Leonore oder der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe" (Leonore or the victory of married love). Despite Beethoven 's efforts, however, this second premiere is no more than the first one, and Beethoven goes down with the theater manager and quits after two performances.
In 1807 there will be a chance to upload this work again in Prague, so Beethoven will again write a new overture for this, Leonolé Overture # 1. This work has long been known to be the oldest of the four overtures. But the plans for the show in Prague are going to go haywire.
It was not until 1814 that Beethoven finally adapted this work, not by an outside request but by the composer himself, and the last script was by Georg Friedrich Treitschke. In the end, the "Fidelio" libretto was completed by three people. This time it will be premiered at the Kärntnerortheater in Vienna. So the official premiere place for opera "Fidelio" becomes Kärntnerortheater, and its premiere date is May 23, 1814. Beethoven removes some songs, the most important part of which is to change the order of the first two songs in the first act to change the opera into a duet of Yakovino and Marcelli. As the beginning of the opera changes, it naturally overturns the overture, which becomes the final Fidelio overture of the four overture. But Beethoven could not finish the composition of this new overture until the premiere, so the Fidelio overture began to be used from the second performance on May 26, three days later. At this time, Beethoven is also favored for calling this work "Fidelio" instead of "Leonore", and the works of the opera are simply "Fidelio".
Beethoven said that after the last edition, "Fidelio" should not be confused with the previous editions. It was said that some songs did not have the original shape as they were originally completed, and more than half were newly composed.
Playing custom
There is a new custom to play this "Fidelio" after Beethoven's death. In 1841, Otto Nicolai performed the Leonolate Overture 3 just before the beginning of the second episode. In 1849, Carl Anschütz performed it between the last scenes of the second episode. In 1904, Mahler followed the tradition. Gottfried Wagner (Bonn 1977) and Jurij Ljubinov (Stuttgart 1986) also performed the Leonor Overture 3 after the opera.
Many performances and recordings are playing the final version of "Fidelio", but recently, some of the musicians played "Leonore", which was first written by Beethoven in 1805
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